Online Education System Implementation

Question: Write a report on "Online Education System Implementation". Answer: 1.0 Introduction Learning is a complex process where teachers, students complement each other with their knowledge and urge to know. With the world undergoing globalisation the system of education has undergone drastic change. With more and more people taking interest in education it became very important for organisations to develop a strong system to provide the light of education to many more students avoiding the barriers of distance, time and money. The concept of online education is comparatively new and has been immensely effective in the age of internet. The impact of technology implementation in a business is clearly positive if handled effectively. The online education system is one such technology concept which has revolutionised the way education is conducted all along the way (Moore Kearsley, 2011). The JS Home Tutors one of the leading educational coaching centers in Birmingham has been very successful in teaching a lot of students from the locales of Birmingham. Given its good run in educational field the organisation has planned to implement online education system in the business to spread education all over the world as well as expand its business in the online market. The introduction of new technology system in the business is complex procedure and hence it is important to take care of the construction of the online education system incorporation is done very prudently. The intricate system of online education system construction is basically is based on three principal activities design, implementation and post implementation assessment (Miyazoe Anderson, 2010). Since technology has penetrated in every industry nowadays it has become very important for the education system to effectively take up technological improvement. Evaluation of the online education system is an extremely important issue in realising the impact of the online education system software in the business and how it could be effective in the present market condition. Evaluation of the technology will involve different methods which will help to develop a strong hypothesis about implementation of the online education system technology. Overall it could be said that there are certain key aspects which are important for JS Home Tutors to assess while implementing the system as this will help to get the best possible result out of this technological implementation (Wang et al., 2012). 2.0 Discussions Investigating the implementation of the online education system and its several aspects is an extremely important part that JS Home Tutors should focus on examining. The implementation of the online education software is a complex procedure and hence needs to be very prudently done. The online education system is a relatively new phenomenon and hence the teachers and pedagogues do not consider themselves expert in this field. It is important to mention that this technology has been effective in developing new ideas and plans to provide education in the best possible way all across the world. The online education system is focused on developing the communication system of the organisation with the students and will help the organisation to deal with wide base of students all across the world. Online learning is a kind of learning which takes place within a network (Hoic-Bozic et al., 2009). The concept of online education is a multi faceted concept and is known by different names of e-learning, internet learning, distance learning, web based et cetera. It is important to mention that most of the different learning procedures have tried to address the problems of the students and help them gain ample knowledge but the online education system has widened the reach of the teachers over its students breaking the barriers of distance. The virtual learning process has helped students to sit in the different parts of the world but keep connected with their pedagogue which has helped them to take learning sessions. It is seen that in a virtual environment the teachers role is a much more recessive whereas the student gets to expand is role with more active learning participation. As per the theoretical background it is said that the trend of online education system is increasing slowly and steadily since more and more students across the world wants to get education which is on ly possible since it is very effective in connecting students in a chain in the virtual network. The use of web based instructional system has gained interest which makes it very important to understand the impact of its design, implementation and post implementation process (Boud et al., 2014). 2.1 Design of the online education system The design of the online education system is complicated and its build up has to be done very chronologically. There are different subsystems to the e-learning system and it focuses on providing the best possible accessibility to the teachers as well as the students. The JS Home Tutors online education system implementation will be done in several phases. The resource subsystem is a key part of the online education system. These white pages would help to know: Additional notes on topics Procedures Slide presentation Course outline Links to other online resources Basically there two different models through which the online education system could be used to develop online education system the Jigsaw Model of online education system and the Hub model of online education system. Both of them have four different steps of design and implementation (Njenga Fourie, 2010). Content Creation Tools (CCT) Learning Management System (LMS) Student Management System (SMS) Accounting System (AS) The implementation of subsystem entails the use of pedagogical and instructional strategies supporting learning. This will help in developing the implementation subsystem emphasising on the content, subject matter, technology, learning theories and learners present knowledge effectively. From the above discussion it could be said that implementation of this technology it could work effectively for the organisation. There was a preconceived notion that online education system only helps people with computers and modern means of communication but this system has made it very easy for the students to take education even for those who dont have access to computers. There are different kinds of system through which students could undergo virtual learning. Chat, Shared Whiteboard, Video Conferencing, Instant Messaging, Application Sharing et cetera are some of the widely used online education system. The design system of the software was multi layered and sophisticated that makes the imple mentation tough (Bolliger Wasilik, 2009). Fig 1: Online Education System (Subsystems) 2.2 Implementation of the software Implementation of the software is a complicated procedure. It is important to mention that most of the steps need to be effectively integrated. For the effective implementation of the software it is important to place the software on a well framed server. The server needs to have ample web space which would help to place the software effectively. It also helps to run the software smoothly. The online education software is a portal that has different offerings where students are able to choose different subjects, make payments for the classes, communicate with the teachers et cetera. The web space required for the hosting of the site will have to high so that the different plug-ins of the site works effectively. The technology implementation will have to be constantly evaluated as the resources used for the designing and implementation of the software. These kinds of software are basically designed through agile system and hence help to implement the software smoothly. Evaluation of t he implemented software is extremely important and hence evaluation planning becomes extremely important for the organisation JS Home Tutors (Wang et al., 2009). 2.3 Challenges, Opportunities of Online education system There are various challenges and opportunities of online educations system for the teachers, students and for organisations. It is very important to be identified and addressed: 2.3.1 Challenges Challenges for the students The responsibilities increase for students that at times become burden for the students. Greater challenge for the students to manage time to keep pace with the course. For dependent learners online education system is a huge problem as they face problem in assuming responsibilities. Challenges for Organisations Handing students, their needs and requirements. Effective technical support given the wide students base. Communication stands to be a bigger challenge. Reliability of technology. Challenges for teachers Communication with the students. Lack of training affects teaching quality. Being available to students virtually almost 24*7 is a huge challenge. Lack of time management as constant engagement leaves teachers with less time. Little pride in work as online teaching does not give that feel of real teaching (Stromquist Monkman 2014). 2.3.2 Opportunities Opportunities for students Effective control over learning will help students to gather proper knowledge. Better communication with teachers and students in the online forum will increase knowledge base. Convenient and effective timing of the classes makes learning more flexible. The point of travelling is not here which saves time and money. Provides safe environment for students to study. Opportunities for teachers The teachers will have more active participation from students. Opportunity of providing education to a wide base of customers. Teaching could be done anytime and anywhere which is a very good aspect. Wide scope of communication with students. Effective way to gaining experience in teaching diversity of students. Opportunities for Organisations Expansion of the business. Effective development of client base all over the world. Popularity in online market. Collaborative learning helps the organisation to understand the students requirements and deliver them with similar subjects. Visible growth and development of the business (Allen Seaman, 2010). 3.0 Conclusion and Recommendations The online education system brings together students and teachers all over the world and helps to exchange information from all over the world. It is important to mention that the online education system has brought different aspects which help the students to interact with the teachers successfully and expand their knowledge base. The concept of online education system has helped teachers and students from all across the world to come together and share information sitting back at home creating a rich virtual educational environment. It is seen that the online learning has been successful in meeting objectives of spreading education all across the world and has also helped JS Home Tutor to expand their initiative of spreading education all over the world. In this scenario there are certain aspects which have to be improved in order to provide the best possible educational services to students. The implementation of this form of technology could be very complicated and hence it is im portant to take care of the implementation successfully for which below measures could be helpful (Wang et al., 2009). Effective training and development of the teachers to make sure that they are able to handle the software successfully. Constant monitoring and assessment of the technical efficacy of the software. Evaluation of the usability and user interface is highly important since the software is a completely interactive site. In order to develop the educational experience of the students the software should be made compatible with all kinds of mobile devices so that students can take the classes from anywhere possible. The implementation procedure of the software should be constantly under scrutiny so that visible changes could be made for the betterment of the educational services provided to the students (Allen Seaman, 2010). References Allen, I. E., Seaman, J. (2010). Class Differences: Online Education in the United States, 2010.Sloan Consortium (NJ1). Bolliger, D. U., Wasilik, O. (2009). Factors influencing faculty satisfaction with online teaching and learning in higher education.Distance Education,30(1), 103-116. Boud, D., Cohen, R., Sampson, J. (Eds.). (2014).Peer learning in higher education: Learning from and with each other. Routledge. Hoic-Bozic, N., Mornar, V., Boticki, I. (2009). A blended learning approach to course design and implementation.Education, IEEE Transactions on,52(1), 19-30. Miyazoe, T., Anderson, T. (2010). Learning outcomes and students' perceptions of online writing: Simultaneous implementation of a forum, blog, and wiki in an EFL blended learning setting.System,38(2), 185-199. Moore, M. G., Kearsley, G. (2011).Distance education: A systems view of online learning. Cengage Learning. Njenga, J. K., Fourie, L. C. H. (2010). The myths about eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ learning in higher education.British Journal of Educational Technology,41(2), 199-212. Stromquist, N. P., Monkman, K. (Eds.). (2014).Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education. Wang, M., Shen, R., Novak, D., Pan, X. (2009). The impact of mobile learning on students' learning behaviours and performance: Report from a large blended classroom.British Journal of Educational Technology,40(4), 673-695. Wang, Q., Woo, H. L., Quek, C. L., Yang, Y., Liu, M. (2012). Using the Facebook group as a learning management system: An exploratory study.British Journal of Educational Technology,43(3), 428-438.

Holocaust Memorial Essay Research Paper The Holocaust free essay sample

Holocaust Memorial Essay, Research Paper The Holocaust Memorial Located near to lively South Beach is one of the most persistent pieces of art I have of all time seen. The deeply traveling Holocaust Memorial in Miami is an art installing that combines the senses of sight, sound and a graphic array of emotions. The construction itself is a walled circle within a hemicycle. Within the circle resides the chief organic structure of the work, a 42-foot bronze sculpted arm and manus making up to God. The wall environing the interior circle stands about 10 pess tall. The circle is connected to the outer hemicycle by a long corridor. You must walk through the outer country to make the corridor that leads to the arm. Along the outer hemicycle are assorted other subdivisions of the exhibit, including lifesize bronze sculptures of the Holocaust? s victims and a long stretch of engraved glistening black granite blocks. We will write a custom essay sample on Holocaust Memorial Essay Research Paper The Holocaust or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The engraved granite along the outer hemicycle contains two things. First a multi wainscoted history of the Holocaust including such things as European maps denoting figure of lives vanquished per part and narratives of fighting victims, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in Poland. The other blocks of granite contain 1000s of names of victims as submitted by their loved 1s. The enclosed corridor taking from the outer portion of the exhibit to the chief sculpture within the circle shrinks as you walk through it. The hallway is filled with the music of kids singing in Hebrew. At the far terminal of the hallway, there is a sculpture of a lifesize small miss making out to you, in torment, for aid. You will hold to walk right past her to come in the chief country of the work. Within this round country paved in pink rock, are the lifesize bronze sculptures of tonss of human existences. Some on the land near decease, some? walking? manus in manus, all emaciated and in anguish as their elaborate organic structures and looks show. Other victims are really mounting the 42-foot stretch manus. This is something you would non detect from the exterior of the exhibit. Walking around these anguished human skeleton sculptures, you get a sense of being warped back in clip and sing the Holocaust victim? s unhappiness and choler. You about experience as if you are one with them. The lone manner to go out the work is through the same corridor you came in. If nil else, the walk down this hallway gives you a minute to compose yourself and get down reflecting on the battalion of emotions that will most likely have gripped you. Self

China essayEssay Writing Service

China essayEssay Writing Service China essay China essayThe Chinese economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In this regard, the competitive position of the Chinese economy depends on multiple factors, while its stable development and steady growth is very important for the enhancement of the competitive position of the Chinese economy in the global market. In this respect, the accounting balance of China and the national currency exchange rate affect consistently the economic development of China and the stability of the national financial markets and economy at large. At the moment, the Chinese economy keeps growing, in spite of negative effects of the global financial crisis which stroke in 2008. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the global financial crisis has had a negative impact on the Chinese economy too but still the crisis has never stopped the growth of the economy of China. Instead, the Chinese economy still keeps growing, while the rest of the world struggles for the stabiliza tion of their economies and accelerated recovery after the economic downturn in 2008. The positive accounting payment balance is still positive for the development of the Chinese economy and China keeps growing taking ever stronger position in the global market. the accounting payment balance allow China to maintain the surplus of export over import so far and the national currency, Chinese Yuan, responds to the economic development and payment balance of China enhancing its position along with the enhancement of the accounting payment balance of the Chinese economy.The accounting payment balance of China mirrors the development of Chinese economy and its structure. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the development of Chinese economy was characterized by the fast growth in the early 2000s, when the growth of the Chinese economy was high and China increased its export substantially. At this point, it is possible to refer to the following graph which mirrors the deve lopment of the accounting payment balance of China in 2005-2012.China’s once huge, but declining surplus on goods dominates the current account. Services trade has been regularly in a small deficit and flows of income swing between deficit and surplus over time. All of these surpluses and deficits must have counterparts in the rest of the world. China’s surplus on goods trade means an equally sized deficit among its trading partners, particularly the US (Park, 2009).At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the growth of the Chinese economy was driven by the growth of the goods’ production mainly. The increase of the goods’ production contributed to the substantial growth of the export of Chinese companies and laid the foundation to the stable economic growth of China within the last decade. At the same time, it is possible to trace certain changes in the accounting payment balance of China. To put it more precisely, the goods’ production comprised the large share in the total economic development of China but, in recent years, the production of goods has decreased its share in the total accounting balance compared to previous years.At the same time, the share of services in the total production and in the accounting balance of China has increased by the early 2010s. Such a change was determined by the increased role of services in the contemporary economic development. In such a situation, China increased the production and export of services that compensated the decreased share of the goods’ production and export. On the other hand, it is worth mentioning the fact that the rise of the service production in China and the increase of services share in the account balance of China was the result of the abundant investments and development of high tech industries in China (Wei, 2009). China invested substantial funds into the research and development and encouraged local companies as well as foreign direct inve stors to develop the highly technological production. The progress of technology and the development of the highly technological production contributed to the creation of the larger share of services production in the account balance of the country.Furthermore, another important trend is the drop of the net transfers in the current account share of China by the early 2010. In this regard, the situation was quite different in the mid-2000s, when the net transfers comprised a large share of the account balance of China ranked second largest after the goods production. Currently, the net transfers have dropped their share in the current account balance of China being outpaced by the services production. In such a way, today, services play increasingly more important part in the economic development of China, while net transfers start losing their position. On the other hand, the goods’ production still comprises the core of the Chinese economy and lays the foundation to the stea dy growth of China in economic terms.Also, it is worth mentioning the income balance of China which was unstable during the last decade. Today, the income balance has become relatively stable and foreseeable. At any rate, experts (Rodrick, 2012) believe in the stable and steady growth of the Chinese economy and its accounting balance. Therefore, China has a considerable potential taking into consideration its current economic development and the steady economic growth, whereas other countries of the world suffer from the steady or steep economic decline depending on the impact of the global financial crisis of 2008 on their economies (Wu, 2013).The following graph shows the balance of payment current account and capital and financial accounts.The sum of the vertical bars is the total surplus of supply of foreign exchange over demand. Left to the market, that would have pushed up the renminbi, possibly 20-30% on some estimates, choking off Chinese exporters’ competitiveness an d pushing down the trade balance. This is what critics abroad, notably in the US, mean by currency manipulation, implying that China has rigged the trade market in its favor by keeping its currency at an unfairly low level.The chart shows that the current account surplus has been falling but so has the capital account surplus. The State Administration of Foreign Exchange recently revised down its estimate of the capital account deficit for the second quarter but the downward trend is still marked. If China’s trade surplus keeps shrinking, because of weak demand in rich countries suffering recession or slow growth, and capital is now flowing out of China, then the net balance could become sharply negative (Gao, 2012).Then the central bank, the People’s Bank of China, would have to choose either to use its reserves to fill the gap, keeping the renminbi up, or to let market forces push the currency down. Slowing growth in China is likely to cut its imports, so that the tr ade surplus may grow again. But the days of dramatically rising foreign exchange reserves are over for the moment (Rolf, 2012).The capital account is the sum of long term and relatively stable flows such as foreign direct investment, (FDI, foreign companies buying assets in China and building new factories), and more short term, volatile flows known as â€Å"hot money†. Although China restricts such flows it is very hard to block them completely. FDI remains strongly positive into China. It is widely suspected  that the reversal in the capital account reflects the movement abroad of money by the Chinese rich, ahead of the change in government next month and the associated uncertainty. If the new regime appears stable and calm, perhaps some of this money will return. But if not, the outflow could accelerate, which will put pressure on the renminbi exchange rate. At least that would stop the Americans complaining about unfair trade (So, Lin, Poston, 2012).At this point, the widening gap between the accounting balance and capital and financial account balance is quite disturbing because hypothetically there is a risk of the further ungrounded growth of Chinese financial markets based on great positive expectations which are not backed up by the capital that is available or invested into the Chinese economy. The persisting disparity between the account balance and the capital and financial account balance threaten to create the bubble in the Chinese economy which was similar to the housing bubble in the housing market of the US in 2007-2008, when the US faced a severe economic crisis and the steep decline of the domestic economy comparable to the Great Depression of the 1930s.China essay   part  2

Recent developments in financial reporting of one country Essay

Recent developments in financial reporting of one country - Essay Example Investors and analyst both rely on information and the more they can understand the information being provided to them by an organization the lower they would consider the risk is. Therefore national accounting bodies are continuously changing their accounting standards to make them more global. This global approach increases the reliability, understanding and comparability for analyst and stockholders. The recent financial crisis has also encouraged the national accounting bodies to take a more stern approach to reporting standards. The general risk averse environment can lead to more sterner reporting requirements by accounting bodies in order to safeguard interests of users of this financial information. One significant movement in this regard is the movement towards ‘fair value accounting’ methods. The aim is to use a more realistic approach towards reporting balance sheet items. The focus is being shifted from reporting historical prices of balance sheet items to reporting the expected future benefits received from the item (e.g. PV of expected future cash flows). This would enable users of financial information to better assess the value of company assets and thus value the entity more accurately. However this would also lead to increased volatility in value of assets. This is because the fair value of an asset is more volatile as compared to historical cost. A p otential impact of these rules would be companies looking to invest in less volatile assets to reduce the risk with their holdings. The recent economic turmoil in international markets, along with factors mentioned aboveencouraged Canada financial institutions to bring major changes to its reporting standards. Canada has used GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) for many decades. The Canadian GAAP however would now be abolished in order to shift to the IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). Private, Public and non-profit entities all are affected by this major shift

Gender issues in the real world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender issues in the real world - Research Paper Example In three decades, the field of feminist psychology has grown in leaps and bounds, including coming with many methodological innovations. Feminist psychology has been an all-encompassing endeavour drawing from various areas of psychology, intellectualism and also a wide spectrum of feminist views and perspectives (Marecek, 2001). So she sets out in her study to look at this area and this she does by conducting a very wide and impressive literature review, looking at publications, studies, reviews and documents that discuss the area of psychology and gender. The conclusion, according to the study, is that in the past three decades, there have been many approaches adopted in studying women. The first is the most traditional study of the differences between the genders, which looks at the attributes and characteristics of each of the genders. The second approach looks more at the contextual nature of gender, recognizing that gender differences do not occur in a vacuum but in a continuum that includes social relations, interactive processes and language which form the structure of relations between men and women. The third one views the psychology in a more cultural context and draws on how they work together. Psychology Today Magazine Article This article looks at the psychological study of the differences in brain functioning between men and women. It looks at the work done by pre-eminent researchers who have done a lot of work on the differences between the male brain and the female brain (Kanazawa, 2008). The article, which appears in web version of Psychology Today magazine shows that the major difference between the male and female brain is that whereas the male brain is more concerned with systemizing tendencies and mechanistic thinking while the female brain is more concerned with empathizing tendencies and mentalistic thinking. This therefore means that the male brain is more concerned with understanding how things work out and tries to figure out how a sys tem works and what rules determine how it will work. In contrast the female brain identifies with the other person’s emotions and thoughts and seeks out to understand them and how best to connect with his or her emotions. The article goes on to explain that the current versions of the male and female brains has been caused by the sexual evolution of the two â€Å"types† of brains, with the men’s brain development being more linked to competition and the need to be the provider and the hunter and gatherer with all the aggressive tendencies that is required by all these activities. The women’s brains on the other hand evolved with the different tasks of mothering and the need to bond and emotionally connect with infants who are unable to work and the need to link up emotionally with others and make friends and allies in new environments, which happens when they enter into marriage. The article finally shows how these evolved male and female brains manifest themselves in different ways, with the men often spending their time in relationships trying to figure out how their girlfriends work while the women are more concerned with the emotional side of the relationships and tend to try and relate with rather than figure out how their boyfriends’ brains work. Comparison of the Study and the Article

Drosophila Immunohistochemistry Practical

Drosophila Immunohistochemistry Practical Abstract Immunohistochemistry uses monoclonal antibodies to detect specific proteins in tissue samples with a visible label. For this practical, immunohistochemistry was used to visualise the distribution of protein in the 3rd instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae brain. The distribution of protein was visualised using a primary monoclonal antibody, and this primary antibody was then detected by a secondary antibody. Detection of the secondary antibody is via an enzyme reaction which produces a coloured precipitate. The secondary antibody used is a monoclonal antibody that recognises IgG from a mouse which is attached to alkaline phosphatase. Looking at the protein distribution pattern in the larval brain the antibody used was detected. Brain samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at room temperature for 20 minutes, then washed four times with PBST prior to blocking with 10% donkey serum for 45 minutes. The primary antibody was added, and the brains incub ated at 4 °C overnight. The antibody used was embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV). This is because there are domains in the optic lobe which look like dots and webs from binding of ELAV to the specific proteins in the brain. Introduction Immunohistochemistry is the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to detect specific proteins in sections of tissues. Applications of immunohistochemistry has been used by pathologists for the diagnosis of cancers. This is because certain antigens particularly tumour antigens are expressed in certain cancers (Kaliyappan et al, 2012). The main principles of immunohistochemistry include a primary antibody which binds to a specific protein of interest. Then a complex of an antibody binding to a specific protein is formed from incubation with a secondary antibody. Finally, in the presence of a substrate and chromogen, an enzyme catalysis happens to generate a coloured precipitate at the antibody-protein specific binding sites (Immunohistochemistry.us, n.d.). Monoclonal antibodies are specific antibodies produced by a B lymphocyte cell which recognises a specific protein such as an antigen. Polyclonal antibodies on the other hand are antibodies produced by a collection of different B lymphocytes. They are able to recognise specific epitopes on an antigen (Lipman et al., 2005). Primary antibodies are antibodies which bind to a specific antigen. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are classified as primary antibodies (Cheriyedath, 2016). Secondary antibodies are the antibodies which bind to the primary antibody to allow detection of the primary antibody under a microscope (Rockland-inc.com, n.d.). Primary and secondary antibodies are used because primary antibodies detect a complimentary protein which is of particular interest whilst the secondary antibody is raised against immunoglobulins associated with the primary antibody. The secondary antibody then associates with a linker molecule which then recruits reporter molecules or the antibody binds directly to the reporter molecule. Drosophila is used as a model organism because their genome is very closely related to the human genome. This means that human genes can be mapped to drosophila genes. Genes in human s which cause disease are also in drosophila. Many generations can be observed in drosophila because they have a short reproductive cycle. They are small so a lot of them can be kept in a laboratory. Fruit fly genes can be altered very easily. Transgenics can be easily produced in the flies and studied. A huge amount of biology is known for these fruit flies due to a lot of research and history in these flies (Jennings, 2011). Tumour-associated stromal cells can act non-autonomously to produce epithelial cancers. Using the drosophila model organism mutations have been identified in the human tumor susceptibility gene 101 (Tsg101) as a cause of these cancers. The Tsg101 homolog leads to Notch signalling and secretion of the JAK-STAT ligand, making neighbouring cells to grow. Drosophila serves as a model for cancer. The most present malignancies in the central nervous system include gliomas. Pathways for the gliomas in drosophila using the GAL4 system causes glias to increase and dama ge brain cells. (Spradling et al, 2006). The aim of this experiment was to use immunohistochemistry in order to detect protein distribution in the brain of the third instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae. By analysing the immuno stained sample the primary antibody used can be detected. Methods Steps of immunohistochemistry include: tissue preparation by fixation, protein retrieval, endogenous blockage and antibody labelling. In tissue preparation, tissues samples are preserved so protein and tissue architecture does not breakdown. Samples may be also need to be perfused for prevention of detecting non-specific proteins which can interfere with the detection of the target protein. In order for protein and tissue to not breakdown fixation is required. Steps of fixation include perfusion, immersion and freezing. In perfusion, tissues are perfused with a fixative to allow rapid fixation. During immersion tissues are immersed in the fixative to allow the fixative solution to diffuse through the tissue or cell sample. In the final step samples with protein that cannot survive fixation are frozen in liquid nitrogen whilst being embedded in a cryoprotective embedding medium. Once fixation is done the sample needs to be sectioned and mounted. The tissues which have been fixed with a paraformaldehyde solution are sectioned into slices which measure 4-5 µm using a microtome. After sectioning the sections are mounted onto a glass slide which is coated with an adhesive. Once mounting has been done the sections are dried and then deparaffinization takes place (Thermofisher.com, n.d.). The next major step is for the target protein to be retrieved. Paraffin is removed in order for the antibodies to reach the protein. Heat induced epitope retrieval is the most common used method to retrieve these proteins. This involves heating the slide at PH6 or PH9 depending on the antibody (Biosciences, 2014). Endogenous blocking needs to place because reagents which are present during immunohistochemistry are also present in cells. This can interfere with protein detection because of unwanted signals being produced that mistakenly detect an protein. Finally, the antibodies are labelled to detect the target antigens. The primary and secondary antibodies are diluted into a buffe r in order for the antibody to be stabilised. Rinse buffers are used between antibody applications to remove unbound antibodies (Thermofisher.com, n.d.). Once they are labelled the samples are viewed under a microscope (Biosciences, 2014). Results The primary antibody based on the protein distribution in the drosophila brain sample is the embroyonic lethal, abnormal vision (ELAV). A`ntenna A pair of appendages used for sensing. Eye disc The raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot. Optic stalk The constricted proximal portion of the optic vesicle in the embryo which forms the optic nerve. Optic lobe The lobe in the midbrain from which the optic nerve partly arises. Ventral nerve cord A chain of connected segmental ganglia which lies against the body wall in the body of the drosophila. Discussion In this practical, distribution of protein in the 3rd instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae brainwas detected using a primary antibody which binds to the specific antibody. Using a secondary antibody, the protein distribution was able to be visualised under a microscope by binding to the primary antibody. Based on the protein distribution visualised under the microscope the primary antibody used to bind to the proteins to produce the protein distribution was identified. The identified antibody was ELAV because there are domains in the optic lobe which look like discrete dots and webs. Embryonic lethal abnormal vision protein (ELAV protein) is a protein which binds to RNA thus an RNA binding protein expressed in brain cells of drosophila after birth. Repeats of an RNA binding domain approximately 80 amino acids in length is in these RNA-binding proteins. ELAV distribution has a similar distribution to many different splicing factors. Variants of genes which are correctly spliced in neurones are regulated by this ELAV protein. Additionally, this ELAV protein plays a role in the formation of the n-arm transcript of the drosophila armadillo. It is generated by splicing from exclusion from exon six of the ubiquitous arm. In mutant ELAV the amount of n-arm is reduced (Broody, 1996). Mutant ELAV have a short life span (Toba et al, 2010). Loss of function alleles for ELAV causes the drosophila embryo to be lethal with also mutant embryos having an abnormal neuropil. Also mutations produce abnormal eye structures, defective electroretinograms and flight defects. Mutant clo nes analysed in mosaic flies has shown that there is a post-embryonic role for ELAV for photoreceptor cells, optic lobe and associated neuropil areas to maintained. Because of this, phenotypes that appear to be a mutant has a role for ELAV in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system (Koushika et al, 1996). Significant divergence between humans and mouse has caused orthologous disease genes to arise. Orthologous genes arise due to speciation in homologous genes. An example is the TDP1 gene. This is a gene which has a role for Topo I DNA complexes to be repaired. TDP1 orthologs for expression in the inside of cells with localizations has been located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mutations in the TDP1 gene has been seen to have a causative link to spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1) disorder. This mutation is not present in mouse ortholog. TDP1 expression in human and mouse are different and produce different phenotypes. Selectins P and E for inflammation is different when compared between humans and mouse. The orthologous human version of selectin P from mouse does not have the pathway needed for regulation (Gharib and Robinson-Rechavi, 2011). Immunohistochemistry is a useful technique because it is used in research and pathology laboratories where immunohistochemistry can help with diagnosing neoplasias and pseudo-neoplastic lesions (De Matos et al, 2010). IHC is used to test efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs by detecting the activity or the regulation of disease targets. Immunohistochemistry is a technique specifically for detecting proteins such as antigens in a tissue sample. In situ hybridisation involves finding the location of targets for specific nucleic acids in tissues and cells which have been fixed to gain information for expression of genes and genetic loci (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, n.d.). RT-PCR is used for RNA expression analysis. Knowing the mRNA is important to understand what gene it is and protein distribution allows us to understand what affect the gene has in an organism. Questions   Ã‚   The point of fixation is to fix the tissue sample so that putrefaction and autolysis does not occur. Fixation allows the tissue sample to kept in its natural state. This is important so that the structures in the cell do not fall apart and diffuse away. The fixative used in fixation disables intrinsic biomolecules, protects the tissue from extrinsic damage and also alters the tissue on a molecular level to increase their mechanical strength and stability. The step is very critical because proteins need to be localized because otherwise they will diffuse away from their initial location. Protein immobilization occurs before translocation. The final thing for fixation is that it achieves the most rapid reaction possible at a low temperature (Berod et al, 1981). Antibodies bind to epitopes on their complementary antigen. However sometimes these antibodies can bind to non-specific antibodies that is similar to the binding site on the target antibody. Because of this binding of non-specific sites, background staining can be created that can mask the detection of the target protein. To get rid of this background staining tissue samples are incubated with a buffer that blocks the reactive sites which are not 100% complimentary to the primary and secondary antibodies (Thermofisher.com, n.d.). NTMT solution is a buffer used for the blockage of non-specific binding sites (Ebioscience.com, n.d.). The colour reaction is the final step which involves visualising the tissue sample where a specific antibody binds to the tissue sample. After this the primary antibody is detected in two ways, directly or indirectly. The direct method is the colour producing reaction. The primary antibody is tagged with a peroxidase enzyme which is used in a reaction to generate a coloured product (Heyderman, 1979). Bibliography Berod, A., Hartman, B. and Pujol, J. (1981). Importance of fixation in immunohistochemistry: use of formaldehyde solutions at variable pH for the localization of tyrosine hydroxylase. Journal of Histochemistry Cytochemistry, 29(7), pp.844-850. Biosciences, I. (2014). Getting started with Immunohistochemistry Bitesize Bio. [Online] Bitesize Bio. Available at: http://bitesizebio.com/20929/getting-started-with-immunohistochemistry/ [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Broody, T. (1996). Interactive Fly, Drosophila. [Online] Sdbonline.org. Available at: http://www.sdbonline.org/sites/fly/neural/elav.htm [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Cheriyedath, S. (2016). Primary and Secondary Antibodies: Whats the Difference?. [Online] News-Medical.net. Available at: http://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Primary-and-Secondary-Antibodies-Whats-the-Difference.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. De Matos, L., Trufelli, D., da Silva Pinhal, M. and de Matos, M. (2010). Immunohistochemistry as an Important Tool in Biomarkers Detection and Clinical Practice. Biomarker Insights, 5(5), pp.9-20. Ebioscience.com. (n.d.). IHC Buffers and Solutions. [Online] Available at: http://www.ebioscience.com/knowledge-center/application/ihc/buffers-solutions-for-ihc.htm [Accessed 11 Dec. 2016]. Gharib, W. and Robinson-Rechavi, M. (2011). When orthologs diverge between human and mouse. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 12(5), pp.436-441. Heyderman, E. (1979). Immunoperoxidase technique in histopathology: applications, methods, and controls. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 32(10), pp.971-978. Immunohistochemistry.us. (n.d.). Immunohistochemistry Principle (IHC Principle). [Online] Available at: http://www.immunohistochemistry.us/IHC-principle.html [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Jennings, B. (2011). Drosophila a versatile model in biology medicine. Materials Today, 14(5), pp.190-195. Kaliyappan, K., Palanisamy, M., Duraiyan, J. and Govindarajan, R. (2012). Applications of immunohistochemistry. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 4(6), pp.307-309. Koushika, S., Lisbin, M. and White, K. (1996). ELAV, a Drosophila neuron-specific protein, mediates the generation of an alternatively spliced neural protein isoform. Current Biology, 6(12), pp.1634-1641. Lipman, N., Jackson, L., Trudel, L. and Weis-Garcia, F. (2005). Monoclonal Versus Polyclonal Antibodies: Distinguishing Characteristics, Applications, and Information Resources. ILAR Journal, 46(3), pp.258-268. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (n.d.). In Situ Hybridization (ISH). [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techish/ [Accessed 12 Dec. 2016]. Rockland-inc.com. (n.d.). Secondary Antibody Overview. [Online] Available at: http://www.rockland-inc.com/secondary-antibodies.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Spradling, A., Ganetsky, B., Hieter, P., Johnston, M., Olson, M., Orr-Weaver, T., Rossant, J., Sanchez, A. and Waterson, R. (2006). New Roles for Model Genetic Organisms in Understanding and Treating Human Disease: Report From The 2006 Genetics Society of America Meeting. Genetics, 172(4), pp.2025-2032. Thermofisher.com. (n.d.). Overview of Immunohistochemistry | Thermo Fisher Scientific. [Online] Available at: https://www.thermofisher.com/uk/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-biology-learning-center/protein-biology-resource-library/pierce-protein-methods/overview-immunohistochemistry.html [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Toba, G., Yamamoto, D. and White, K. (2010). Life-span phenotypes of elav and Rbp9 in Drosophila suggest functional cooperation of the two elav-family protein genes. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 74(4), pp.261-265.

Ford Focus vs. Mazda Mazda 3

Ford Focus vs. Mazda Mazda 3 Two great new cars out there are the Ford Focus and the Mazda 3. If you’re looking for a fast car with the latest technology then you’ll have a tough decision between these two cars. In an opinion, the Ford Focus is the best for a family and the Mazda for enjoyment. They both set with GPS system, inline-4 engine, and chassis platform. They also have some differences as in the gas mileage, performance, and equipment. When it comes down to the end of it all, they are lot closer in ratings than usual cars are.The first and most important is the safety, especially if you have children. Both of the cars are an average of 4-4. 5 in top rating, but the Mazda 3 only has 3 stars in side crash rating, while the Ford Focus as a 4 in frontal crash rating. One big advantage of the Ford Focus is the technology which could also help in safety. The Ford has a navigation system, park assist, bi-xenon adaptive lightning, memory power sears, blond-spot monitor ing, and a ten-speaker Bose surround sound system.These cars have many similarities, but have more differences. The choice lies between your personality, budget, and your family. If you have a big family, of course you’re going to go for the bigger, safer car. Now if you’re single of don’t have a big family, then you would most likely lean towards the sporty car for looks. The biggest is your budget, we all need some help in the economy now of days, so you might go to the car with better millage and cheaper.